United States volcano update; Magma is on the move, Uplift detected at Mt. Spurr near Anchorage, Alaska

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Earthquakes located under Mount Spurr, Alaska from January 1, 2023 to May 14, 2024. The top panel shows earthquake depths through time and the bottom panel shows earthquakes per day. The size of the circles in the top panel reflects the magnitude of the earthquakes as shown in the legend. An increase in the amount and occurrence of deep low frequency earthquakes began in April 2024. A seismic network outage in early 2024 limited AVO's ability to locate earthquakes. The increase in earthquakes in summer 2023 is related to nearby glaciers and not associated with volcanic activity.
Earthquakes located under Mount Spurr, Alaska from January 1, 2023 to May 14, 2024. The top panel shows earthquake depths through time and the bottom panel shows earthquakes per day. The size of the circles in the top panel reflects the magnitude of the earthquakes as shown in the legend. An increase in the amount and occurrence of deep low frequency earthquakes began in April 2024. A seismic network outage in early 2024 limited AVO’s ability to locate earthquakes. The increase in earthquakes in summer 2023 is related to nearby glaciers and not associated with volcanic activity. via AVO

In Alaska, a likely intrusion of magma was detected beneath the closest volcano to the city of Anchorage. This detection occurred at the famous Mount Spurr, which has been producing an elevated level of earthquakes during the last month.

Alongside these earthquakes, ground deformation was detected, meaning that this volcano which hasn’t erupted since 1992 it now producing its highest level of unrest in nearly two decades.

So, does this mean that it is now only a matter of time before the highly explosive Mount Spurr erupts, potentially once again dumping ash on Anchorage? How severe is its current unrest?

From AVO:

Summary of Current Activity

The Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) has detected a small increase in volcano seismic activity at Mount Spurr, which may indicate an intrusion of new magma deep beneath the volcano.

An extended recent outage of the local seismic network from February to April 2024 limits precise determination of the onset of this activity, but elevated seismicity has been seen since the network returned on April 3.

Since then, AVO has located an average of four earthquakes per day, with a peak of 33 recorded on April 26. These have typically been smaller than magnitude 1.0, and range in depth from near the summit of the volcano to as much as 18 miles (30 km) below sea level. This activity represents an increase in earthquake rate and occurrence of deeper (>12.4 miles or 20 km) low frequency earthquakes compared to recent years. These low frequency earthquakes are likely related to the migration of fluids.

Figure shows GNSS timeseries for stations SPCP (left) and SPBG (right) at Mt. Spurr from Jan-01-2023 until May-15-2024 in east, north and vertical components (top to bottom rows). SPCP is located southeast of Spurr (east of Crater Peak) and SPBG at approx. the same distance SW of Spurr (west of Crater Peak). Each blue dot shows how the distance between the station changes relative to GNSS station AC17, southwest of Spurr and not moving during this time; whiskers show the uncertainty. Orange dots are position estimates based on rapid orbit products. Vertical Black bars mark the approximate onset of inflation end of Nov / beginning of Dec 2023, after which SPCP moves southeast and SPBG southwest, away from the volcano and both move up. This motion is consistent with inflation of the volcano / pressure increase.
Figure shows GNSS timeseries for stations SPCP (left) and SPBG (right) at Mt. Spurr from Jan-01-2023 until May-15-2024 in east, north and vertical components (top to bottom rows). SPCP is located southeast of Spurr (east of Crater Peak) and SPBG at approx. the same distance SW of Spurr (west of Crater Peak). Each blue dot shows how the distance between the station changes relative to GNSS station AC17, southwest of Spurr and not moving during this time; whiskers show the uncertainty. Orange dots are position estimates based on rapid orbit products. Vertical Black bars mark the approximate onset of inflation end of Nov / beginning of Dec 2023, after which SPCP moves southeast and SPBG southwest, away from the volcano and both move up. This motion is consistent with inflation of the volcano / pressure increase. via AVO

Minor uplift of the ground surface at the volcano of ~0.4 inches (~1 cm) has also been observed in local GPS data since November 2023, which is a deviation from the long-term trend and may be related to the seismicity.

No significant changes to the ice and snow cover or gas and steam emissions have been observed in association with these geophysical observations. In clear viewing conditions, minor steaming is commonly visible from fumaroles in the summit crater region.

Prognosis and Hazards

The activity that we have observed at Mount Spurr over the past six weeks is consistent with the intrusion of magma deep beneath the volcano. Such an intrusion can cause subtle inflation or swelling of the volcano and generate earthquakes through the release magmatic gasses.

While these observations suggest that increased activity may be occurring deep beneath Mount Spurr, there is no indication that an eruption may occur soon, if at all. Intrusions of new magma under volcanoes do not always result in volcanic eruptions and activity may decline without an eruption occurring, such as during the previous intrusion under Mount Spurr that occurred in 2004. [AVO]

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